La Raya Ray as one of the Tourist Destinations
The foundations to position Raia La Raya as one of the most competitive and sustainable tourist destinations
The basis for collaboration between the countries as part of the Portuguese-Spanish partnership, within the framework of Tourism and Territorial Cohesion, and formalizes the commitment of the parties to strengthen the joint commitment to innovative tourism as an engine for the development and revitalization of cross-border localities, in order to position the Iberian Peninsula as one of the most competitive and sustainable tourist destinations.
It is important to note that, in Spain, the regional organization and promotion of tourism is decentralized, so it is essential that the government of the Nation maintains a constant dialogue and direct collaboration with the territorial administrations (Autonomous Communities). On behalf of the Central Government, in addition to the Secretary of State for Tourism, the Minister of Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge/Secretary-General of the Demographic Challenge, will participate in the implementation of this Sectoral Strategy and in the Working Groups that will be created. In Portugal, although the tourism governance model is under the supervision of the Minister of Economy and the Sea/Secretary of State for Tourism, Commerce and Services, it is considered essential to have active cooperation with the regional tourism bodies (Porto and North, Center of Portugal, Alentejo and Algarve), also involving the Minister of Territorial Cohesion/Secretary of State for Regional Development, as responsible for the Common Strategy
Sustainability is a concept that should be associated with the Sectoral Strategy because it already characterizes it in the imagination of those who think of Raia as a non-massified territory, rich in nature and with low population density. This part of the Sectoral Strategy can be implemented in each of the States within the framework of the reference framework adopted by each of them. In the case of Spain, it is based on the model established by the Estrategia de Sostenibilidad Turística en Destinos, approved in July 2021, which aims to make sustainability the cornerstone of the transformation of the tourism model, promoting green and digital transformation, and which proposes to promote the implementation of Tourism Sustainability Plans in border destinations that request it and meet the requirements in accordance with the established criteria and procedures.
The Strategy for Sustainable Tourism in Destinations has as instruments the Programmes of the Tourism Sustainability Plan in Destinations in which the three levels of tourism administrations participate: the General Administration of the State, the Autonomous Communities or Cities and Local Entities.
Tourism, according to Martinez's definition (2005, p. 23), can be described as an economic activity integrated by those accommodation and transportation services provided to people outside the places where they usually reside.
This first approximation reported by Martinez is based on the definition given by the Spanish legislator who defined the tourist phenomenon as the movement and stay of people outside their usual place of work or residence for reasons different from the usual professionals of those who carry them out. However, the author points out that the subjective motivation of the traveler cannot be considered as a defining element of the tourist activity, to exclude the so-called "business tourism" from its scope of application.
Tourism area of operation
In fact, over the last few years, tourism, defined as the temporary movement of people to destinations other than their usual residence, for leisure, business or other reasons, as well as the economic activities generated and the facilities created to meet their needs, has been acquiring more and more importance, mainly socio-economic, generating high revenues and job creation.
Tourism development has an influence on different areas of law, such as the environment and spatial planning. Now, the growth of this activity has an influence on different environmental issues, namely, in the protection and enhancement of environmental values, resources and built and natural heritage. In this sense, Tourism Law is necessarily related to Environmental Law, and the tourist developments to be built may be subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), an instrument to support decision-making, as a licensing rule, which takes into account the state of the environment, allotment operations, projects related to tourist developments and equipment and infrastructures of interest to tourism. In the same sense, Tourism Law is also related to Urban Planning Law, more specifically with spatial planning, and it is through development instruments
Thus, from the outset, the action program of the National Program for Spatial Planning Policy aims to implement a strategy that promotes the use of Portugal's tourism potential at national, regional and local scales, and it is up to Turismo de Portugal, Tourism of the administrations of the (autonomous communities) of Spain to intervene in the elaboration of territorial management instruments. Also, and in addition to the influence that tourism has in terms of environmental policies and spatial planning, similar to what happens with the establishment of local accommodation, tourist developments are regulated by the Legal Regime for the Installation, Operation and Operation of Tourist Developments.
Establishments that are intended to provide accommodation services, for remuneration, are considered tourist enterprises, having, for their operation, an adequate set of structures, equipment and complementary services.
They can be integrated into different types, namely, hotel establishments (intended to provide temporary accommodation, with or without the provision of meals, and intended for a daily rental), tourist villages (set of functionally interdependent facilities with coherent architectural expression), tourist apartments (coherent set of apartment-type accommodation units), resorts (consisting of nuclei of functionally accessible facilities). interdependent), residential tourism developments (family establishments installed in old private properties that, due to their architectural, historical or artistic value, are representative of a certain era), and camping and caravanning parks, installed on duly delimited land and equipped with structures intended to allow the installation of tents, trailers, caravans, among others.
Finally, it should be noted that the installation of tourist developments must comply with the rules contained in the Legal Regime for Urbanization and Building, namely in terms of fire safety, health, hygiene, noise and energy efficiency, and the building works are subject to licensing or prior communication. Quality To what extent has "quality" come to be a characteristic of Tourism Law?
This characteristic is presented from a finalistic or teleological point of view and appears from the moment when the so-called mass tourism also appears, which modifies, to a certain extent, the objective pursued by those who use their free time to go in search of new people, places and customs, allowing to differentiate those who have as a priority interest to leave their place of origin to reach their destination (tourist). of those who simply like to move around (traveler). However, we should not confuse "quality" with comfort, convenience or even luxury in the provision of tourist services.
The hardest and simplest adventure of mountain tourism can be organized according to the select quality standards. Even the so-called social tourism is not alien to quality, although it is not tied to luxury criteria. What we mean by all this is that the objective of the legal regulation of the tourism sector is the concern to ensure the quality of tourist services and goods.
By way of illustration, it can be mentioned that the legislation that aims to eliminate natural and built barriers that prevent or hinder the freedom of movement of travelers who need to use a wheelchair, is not luxury, but the quality of the service provided to these travelers.
Not unrelated to this characteristic is, we repeat, social, youth, senior tourism, which does not necessarily ask for luxury, but quality.
Turismo de Portugal, in partnership with IPQ, prepared the new Portuguese Standard ISO 21902 – Accessible Tourism for All, published on April 18, 2022 and which resulted from the translation into Portuguese of the ISO 21902:2021 Standard, which provides requirements and guidelines to facilitate access to tourism enjoyment by people of all ages and abilities. This new national regulation thus aims to facilitate the access of national tourist agents to this important information, with regard to tourist accessibility.
This standard is available in Spanish as UNE-ISO 21902, having been translated and included in the national catalog of UNE standards. It is aimed at service providers and tour operators, as well as public administrations and tourist destinations. The UNE-ISO 21902 standard establishes requirements and recommendations for accessible tourism.
TOURIST CONTRACTING
The contract, as a basic institution of Private Law, can be defined as the agreement of wills between two or more people from which obligations to give, do or not do arise, which the contracting parties have to fulfill.
Its main function in modern trafficking is to serve as a legal instrument for the exchange of goods and services in the market. Now, the general norm applicable to contracts is found, fundamentally, in the Civil Code (CC) and in the Commercial Code (Ccom.). However, the contractual regulation provided for in those Codes is inspired by the principle of contractual freedom or the principle of autonomy of will, which gives the parties the freedom to establish the stipulations they deem most convenient to their interests, with no other limit than respect for the law, public order and good customs.
However, in recent years, the so-called "modern contracting" between subjects subject to private law has been developed, which leaves room for the existence of a normative power exercised by only one of the contracting parties. Individualized contractual negotiation is replaced by the simple adherence of the weaker contracting party to the clauses predisposed by the counterparty (adhesion contract or standard contracts). To this extent, it is clear that civil and commercial rules are inadequate to regulate a massively developed economic traffic that affects an increasing number of citizens. This circumstance determined the approval of new rules whose main purpose is the protection of the "weaker" contracting party. Now, one of the sectors in which this occurs is, precisely, tourism.
This is how we can start talking about a new reality that is that of "tourist contracting", led by "tourist contracts". Tourist Contracts Tourist contracts can be defined, in principle, as all those contracts that are entered into between private tourist subjects (in public legal terminology – tour operators and tour users) with the object of tourist services, and are not part of a contractual category expressly recognized by the legislator (despite the fact that the mercantilist doctrine is beginning to pay special attention to them). Most tourist contracts do not present, as a rule, any outstanding particularity, at least from the legal-private point of view, that is, from the point of view of Private Law.
The only outstanding feature is that it concerns the tourism sector. That being so, many of the contracts that could in principle qualify as "tourist contracts" do not in fact have a sufficient identity and autonomy to be able to constitute, in themselves, a new type of contract. In most cases, such contracts can be framed within other traditional types of contracts, whose legal regime is not substantially altered by the fact that they have tourist services as their specific object26, so they will not be considered "tourist contracts". We will only consider as "tourist contracts" those that, in addition to being specific to the tourism sector, have their own legal regulation and sufficient autonomous identity to justify their specific study as an independent category of any other type of contract. Classification of Tourist Contracts The classification of "tourist contracts" can be carried out according to the Several criteria:
The criterion according to the preparatory or definitive nature of the physical provision of the service to the tourist user (tourist and the user of tourist services or products). The criterion according to the tourism sector within which the contracts are concluded. Thus, according to the first criterion mentioned, we will find the following tourist contracts: Those of a preparatory nature, which are embodied in inter-company tourist contracts that have a preparatory function for the future effective provision of the different tourist services to the tourist user, binding only the companies that enter into them (reservation contracts between tourist enterprises and travel agencies, maintenance contracts for tourist complexes of periodic housing entered into between the promoter or owner and the company that provides the service). Those of a definitive nature, which are embodied in tourist consumer contracts, which are those that have as their object the provision of a tourist service (accommodation, transport, etc.) to the end user, whether they are entered into directly between the latter and the company providing the tourist service (tourist contracts for direct consumption), or are concluded with the intervention of a third party (tourist mediation contracts). Turning now to the second criterion enunciated, let's find all those contracts that assume the designation of the respective tourism sector, having a specific legal regime: Packages purchased online or in person, from a tour operator, travel agent or any other operator that acts as an organiser of the package. More limited rights apply to so-called "linked travel arrangements" (LTAs). Package travel – different types of package travel give you the same rights When you book a package holiday, you buy a combination of two or more different types of travel services for the same trip or holiday. These services may include transportation, accommodation, car rental, or under specific conditions any other tourist service.
Your package can be pre-arranged – consisting of a series of services arranged by a tour operator or travel agent – or you can have a more personalized package by choosing the services yourself before the contract is concluded. In both cases, EU rules apply as long as your package has been purchased in a certain way. These rules do not cover travel services of less than 24 hours, unless they include accommodation. What is package travel? Your trip is considered a package when:
1. You book travel services arranged by or with the help of a merchant, such as a tour operator or an online or offline travel agency under a single contract
2. Book travel services under separate contracts with individual providers and one of the following conditions is met: Purchase services at a single point of sale (such as a travel agency, a call center or a website) and you select the services before agreeing to pay, i.e. before you enter into the first contract.
This is the case, for example, of different travel services that are placed in a shopping basket or are otherwise selected before a contract is concluded. The Services are sold to you at an inclusive or full price The Services have been advertised/sold as a "Package" or similar The Travel Services are combined after entering into a contract under which you are entitled to choose from a selection of different Travel Services, for example, a Travel Gift Box Package Click-through Package: you purchase services from separate travel companies through an online booking process link where the first company transmits your name, email address and payment details to the second company and the second contract is concluded within 24 hours of the first contract A combination of a travel service, as accommodation, and other tourist service, such as a guided tour, entrance to a concert or sporting event, or sports rental The facility can only be classified as a package if the other tourist service represents 25% or more of the total value of the trip, or if that service is an essential feature of the trip. Package travel – your right to clear and accurate information Before booking a package, the point of sale (booking site or app, for example) or your travel agent must provide you with all standard information about the package, such as: destination of the trip (itinerary, dates and duration of stay, details of any transfers, visits or excursions) and a list of services including the name and contact details of the organiser of the package and, if sold through a retailer, the retailer's total price, including all taxes and, where applicable, all additional fees, and payment arrangements information on how to terminate the contract prior to the start of the package at the time of payment of an appropriate termination fee information on passport and visa requirements information on complaints handling procedures, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms and, where appropriate, the ADR entity and the online dispute resolution platform You should also receive clear information about your rights, based on a standard EU form, explaining that you have been offered a package and describing your rights. Package Trips - Changes or Termination of the Contract Price Increase: The Organiser can only increase the price of the package if specific costs increase (e.g. fuel prices). This must be clearly explained in the contract and cannot be applied no later than 20 days before the start of the package. If the price increase is more than 8% of the total price of the package, you have the right to terminate the package contract with no termination fee. If you can't travel, you can:
Transfer the package to someone else: Under certain conditions, you may transfer your package to someone else, although you may be charged a reasonable fee for doing so, up to the actual cost incurred by the organiser to transfer your package travel contract. Terminate the contract: the organiser may, however, deduct a reasonable fee from your refund, depending in particular on the time of your cancellation. These rights are independent of any rights you may have under a cancellation insurance policy that you have taken out. Cancellation by the Organiser: Under normal conditions, if the organiser cancels the sale before the start of your package, you are entitled to a refund and compensation where appropriate. Cancellation in exceptional circumstances: If a natural disaster occurs or if there are serious safety problems with your Destination holiday that may affect the package, the organiser may cancel the package.
As a traveler, you are also free to cancel your package for free for the same reasons.
In such cases, you are entitled to a full refund of any payments you have made, but you are not entitled to additional compensation.
Package travel – responsibility for the proper execution of the travel services The organiser is responsible for the proper performance of all travel services included in your package. If a travel service cannot be provided as agreed, for example, if a provider is unable to transport off an agreed service or cannot do so in the agreed manner (such as providing transport to or from your destination, providing the agreed type of accommodation or transporting off a guided tour you have booked), the organiser has to resolve the issue at no extra cost to you. If it is impossible to take alternative arrangements or if it rejects the provisions offered to you for valid reasons, and the package includes your transportation (such as air travel), the organizer must offer to repatriate you. If the travel services make you not reach the agreed standards and this cannot be resolved on the spot, you may also be entitled to compensation. Package travel - assistance to travelers.
If for any reason you have difficulty during your package holiday, for example if you have a health problem or lose your passport, the organiser must provide you with assistance, such as information about health services or consular assistance, and should help you find alternative travel arrangements if necessary.
Linked travel arrangements Linked travel arrangements (LTAs) are two or more travel services that you buy from different merchants in separate contracts, but the services are linked. They are classified as linked travel services when a merchant facilitates the booking of the subsequent services, and they are purchased for the same trip or holiday.
LTA only applies if the combination of travel services does not constitute a package (see above) and a merchant facilitates: your bookings based on a single visit or contact with your point of sale, for example during a single visit to a travel agent or a website or a second booking you make for a second travel service, in response to a targeted invitation, e.g. by email or web link, and you enter into a contract for the second travel service with another supplier within 24 hours of receipt of the booking confirmation for the first travel service A combination of a travel service, such as accommodation and another tourist service, such as a guided tour or admission to a concert, can only be classified as a linked trip if the additional service represents 25% or more of the total value of the trip, or if that service is an essential feature of the trip.
Linked travel arrangements – clear and precise information The LTA provider must provide you with clear information about your rights, based on a standard EU form, explaining that you have been offered a linked travel arrangement form (not a package) and describing your rights. Liability for booking errors These rules apply to packages and LTAs. When booking holidays, the responsible trader (the travel agent or online travel agency) is liable if any of the following occur during the booking process: technical defects in the booking system errors made by the retailer if the latter is responsible for arranging the booking of a package or travel services that Are part of related travel services Merchants are not responsible for any booking errors made by you, or problems that are considered unavoidable or are due to extraordinary circumstances.
Bankruptcy protection These rules apply to package travel and LTAs. If the trader with whom you booked your holiday goes bankrupt, you are protected by insolvency protection. This can be a fund, insurance or any other mechanism in place in your EU country. This will refund any payments you may have made and, if necessary, repatriate you if transport was included in your package or LTA. EU rules on mediation The European Union actively promotes alternative dispute resolution (ADR) modes, including mediation.
'Mediation'
The Mediation Directive applies in all EU countries. The Directive covers mediation in civil and commercial matters. By encouraging the use of mediation, it facilitates the resolution of disputes and helps to avoid the worry, time and costs inherent in court proceedings, thus enabling citizens to exercise their rights effectively. The Mediation Directive applies to cross-border disputes in civil and commercial matters where at least one of the parties is domiciled in a Member State other than that of any of the other parties at the time when they decide by agreement to have recourse to mediation or where mediation is ordered by a court. The main objective of this legal instrument is to encourage the use of mediation in the Member States. To this end, the Directive lays down five substantive rules: It obliges Member States to encourage the training of mediators and to ensure that they are a high-quality mediation. It gives each judge the right to invite the parties to the dispute to have recourse to mediation first, if he or she considers it appropriate in the circumstances of the case. It provides for the possibility for agreements reached through mediation to be declared enforceable if both parties so request. Enforceability can be established, for example, by approval by a court or certification by a notary public. It ensures that mediation is conducted in a climate of confidentiality. In this sense, it provides that in a future dispute between the parties to the mediation, the mediators cannot be forced to give evidence in court about what happened during the mediation. It ensures that the parties do not lose the possibility of taking the case to court as a result of the time spent in mediation: the time limits for bringing legal proceedings are suspended during the mediation. A stakeholder group has drawn up, with the help of the European Commission, a European Code of Conduct for Mediators , which sets out a number of principles that mediators can decide to adhere to on a voluntary basis. MEDIATION AGREEMENT, PROCESS AND RESOLUTION
1. Procedure The mediator must make sure that the parties to the mediation are aware of the characteristics of this process and the role of the mediator and the parties in it. The mediator shall ensure, in particular, that prior to the commencement of the mediation the parties have understood and expressly agreed to the conditions of the mediation agreement, including in particular any applicable clauses on confidentiality obligations to be respected by the mediator or the parties. The mediation agreement may be in writing, if the parties so request. The mediator must conduct the proceedings in an appropriate manner, taking into account the circumstances of the case, including any imbalances of power and the principles of law, any wishes expressed by the parties and the need to resolve the dispute quickly. The parties may agree with the mediator, referring to a set of rules or in any other way, how mediation is to be conducted. If the mediator considers it useful, he or she may hear the parties separately.
2. Fairness of the proceedings The mediator must ensure that all parties have the opportunity to participate in the proceedings. The mediator must inform the parties and may terminate the mediation if: – the solution in the process of approval is inapplicable or illegal for the mediator, having regard to the circumstances of the case and the mediator's competence to make such a judgment, or – the mediator considers that the continuation of mediation is unlikely to lead to a solution.
3. The end of the process The mediator must take appropriate steps to ensure that all parties reach an agreement with informed consent and that all parties understand the conditions of the agreement. The parties may abandon mediation at any time without giving any justification. The mediator shall, at the request of the parties and within their respective powers, communicate to the parties the manner in which they can formalise the agreement and the possibilities of making it enforceable.
4. Confidentiality The mediator must preserve the confidentiality of all information dealt with in or connected with the mediation, including the fact that the mediation is to be carried out or has already been carried out, unless he or she is obliged to disclose it for legal or public policy reasons. Any information provided confidentially to the mediator by one of the parties shall not be transmitted to the other parties without authorization, unless required by law. In Portugal, mediation activities are regulated by Law No. 29/2013, of 19 April and mediators must be governed by the European Code of Conduct for Mediators. In Spain, mediation activities are regulated by Law No. 5/2012 of 6 July 2012 on mediation in civil and commercial matters, transposing Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 into Law Spanish. This law establishes a minimum framework for the practice of mediation, without affecting the provisions adopted by the Autonomous Communities.
Tourism Satellite Account
Tourism Satellite Accounts (CST) for each Member State, with the ultimate aim of presenting the first European satellite account; Launch of a portal to promote Europe as a tourist destination; A European Tourism Forum (ETF) held annually since 2002 and co-organised with the country holding the Presidency of the Council of the European Union during the second half of the year. In 2019, the 18th forum on 'Digital transformation as a driver of sustainable growth for the EU tourism sector' was held in Helsinki, Finland. The 2020 ETF was held virtually from Berlin and focused on ways to solve the crisis and reorient tourism in Europe. Concept of the Tourism Satellite Account The Tourism Satellite Account (CST) consists of in an integrated information system, whose main objective is to present the activities and products related, directly or indirectly, as Tourism. Satellite Account (Tourism): allows you to show in detail the part that, in the national accounts, corresponds to Tourism. In this case, some differences are intentional because they allow a better characterization of the phenomenon in question (Tourism). Fill existing gaps in the evaluation of Tourism, in the dynamics of the national economy. It is a more effective analytical tool, as it allows a more correct and detailed perception of the "Tourism" phenomenon. Quantified, specific and relatively detailed approach to the Tourism Sector; Obtaining indicators that allow a complete measurement of the importance of Tourism in the national economic structure. Main differences Coverage of activities The National Accounts exhaustively record the total production of the branches of activity, regardless of the objectives of their use. The CST records only the part of productive activities that potentially contribute to Tourism, as well as the proportional volume of production used for tourism purposes. Conceptual - Business Tourism: The National Accounts record Business Tourism as an intermediate consumption, which is part of the Value Added (GVA) of the activity. It is not considered as final consumption expenditure, but as intermediate consumption expenditure. CST registers Business Tourism as final demand from tourism and not as part of the Value Added (GVA) or the company's activity. Conceptual – Evaluation of tourist packages: The National Accounts record the tourist packages as part of the Value Added (GVA) of the activity, that is, all their value is intermediate consumption of the Travel Agencies. The CST divides the tourist packages by their components and allocates to the country's economic territory and imports, depending on whether the products are purchased inside or outside the country, respectively.
"reverse charge"
The "reverse charge" consists of the fact that the buyer/buyer replaces the supplier/seller in the obligation to pay VAT. This is the reverse charge mechanism. The Acquirer will have to pay VAT in the Member State where he is resident and where he submits his VAT return according to its taxation regime. This regime frees the Selling or Providing Entity from having to submit a VAT return in each of the States of the Purchasers, and the purchaser is the one who will have the obligation to pay the tax in the periodic declaration that he submits in his country. The reverse charge mechanism is a measure aimed at reducing the risk of VAT fraud and, in particular, intra-Community fraud on the part of the missing trader by transferring responsibility for the VAT payment from the seller to the customer. This type of fraud occurs when a trader purchases goods that are transported or dispatched from another Member State and are exempt from VAT and sells them including VAT on the invoice to the customer. After having received the VAT amount from the customer, the trader disappears before paying the VAT due to the tax authorities. The extension will also apply to the Quick Reaction Mechanism (RMF) to tackle VAT fraud. The MRF allows Member States to swiftly introduce a temporary reverse charge mechanism for the supply of goods and services in specific sectors in the event of sudden and massive fraud.
PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN IBERIAN AND BORDER DESTINATIONS
Portugal and Spain as tourist destinations are complementary in some source markets, especially in long-distance markets such as Asia and America, as tourists from these continents often wish to visit both countries in a single trip, either because of their geographical proximity and their geographical eccentricity in relation to the rest of Europe, either because they consider that they have similarities, or, as in the case of Brazil, because Portugal is the natural gateway to Europe. Cross-border promotion in the broad sense, i.e. cross-border regions, requires as a premise that a cross-border product has been created and that it is marketable. This can be said of the Portuguese Way of Santiago, the Douro/Duero and Minho/Miño routes. Two Euroregions (Galicia - Northern Portugal and Extremadura - Central Portugal and Alentejo) are currently recognised as working to develop other products, such as those linked to heritage or nature. In a broader sense, the joint promotion of the two countries should also be considered as cross-border cooperation, insofar as they are considered from the geographical unit of the peninsula and to more distant markets. The markets that, for existing products, are currently considered priority markets are Brazil, the countries of the Far East, Southeast Asia and South Asia, Canada and the United States of America. In the case of food and wine products, European markets are also included. Depending on the type of products and their characteristics that continue to be developed in the framework of cross-border collaboration, they may be included in promotional activities in European markets.
In addition to EU funds managed by national bodies, there are European funds that come directly from programmes managed by the European Commission. In this context, it is important to note: 1) Horizon Europe planned for 2023: Fostering socioeconomic development and job creation in rural and remote areas through cultural tourism Specific conditions. 1. To increase macro-regional cooperation in cultural tourism to contribute to the socio-economic development of rural and remote territories; 2. Develop cultural tourism and creative tourism business models for rural areas in order to increase employment opportunities and sustainable investments.
3. Promote inclusive and sustainable cultural tourism that promotes social inclusion and engagement, respects the needs of local communities, the heritage and capacity of rural and remote areas. 2) EU funds available for funding in the fields of training and skills: Erasmus+, a call: Alliances for Sectoral Cooperation in Skills Economic and Social Fund plus (ESF+). Spain-Portugal Interreg Programme (POCTEP) 2021-2027. Digital Europe Programme 2021-2027 3) Funding from the national budgets of both States.
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